Difficult economic and environmental circumstances

‘Socio-economic status’ refers to a person’s wealth, employment status, level of education, and living conditions.

Poverty is one major socio-economic difficulty, and the frequent cause of other problems.

Difficult socio-economic circumstances typically overlap, and include:

• Low levels of education
• Low levels of skills
• Unemployment
• Long work hours
• Low pay
• Crowded, urban, or insecure living conditions
• Incarceration
• Homelessness
• Poor transport and neighbourhood facilities

We know that there is a strong correlation between difficult socio-economic circumstances and mental health issues in children and adults.Lorant, V., Deliège, D., Eaton, W., Robert, A., Philippot, P., Ansseau, M. (2003). ‘Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis’. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(2), pp. 98–112. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522017 [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].Ansseau, M., Fischler, B., Dierick, M., Albert, A., Leyman, S., Mignon, A. (2008). ‘Socioeconomic correlates of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression: the GADIS II study (Generalized Anxiety and Depression Impact Survey II)’. Depression and Anxiety, 25(6), pp. 506–513. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17595015 [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].Reiss, F. (2013). ‘Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review’. Social Science and Medicine, 90, pp. 24–31. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23746605 [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].

These circumstances can both contribute to, and result from a mental health problem:Halliwell, E., Main, L., Richardson, C. (2007). ‘The fundamental facts’. [online] London: Mental Health Foundation, p. 37. Available at: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/fundamental_facts_2007.pdf [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].Singleton, N., Bumpstead, R., O’Brien, M., Lee, A., Meltzer, H. (2001). ‘Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private households, 2000′. International Review of Psychiatry, 15(1/2): pp. 65–73. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745312 [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].Social Exclusion Unit. (2004). ‘Mental health and social exclusion’. [online] London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, p. 88. Available at: http://firststeptrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/mental_health_and_social_exclusion_main_report.pdf [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].

• Amongst people who live in poverty, every fifth adult is twice more at risk of experiencing a mental health problem as those on average incomes
• People without a degree are almost twice as likely to experience depression as those who have one
• People with mental health issues are three times as likely to be in debt as those without, and more than twice as likely to have problems managing money

Difficult environmental conditions often correlate with difficult socio-economic conditions, though even people who do not suffer from poverty but live in an urban environment can also experience difficult environmental circumstances.

These can manifest as:

• Living and/or working in polluted homes, offices and areas
• Living in a dangerous area
• Living far from public transport, educational facilities, shops
• Living and working in cramped and crowded spaces
• Living with noise pollution
• Living far from nature and green

All these can be detrimental to our mental health, causing psycho-spiritual stress, and disrupting our biochemistry.

Homelessness is a significant contributor to mental health issues:Social Exclusion Unit (2004). ‘Mental health and social exclusion’. [online] London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, p. 18. Available at: http://firststeptrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/mental_health_and_social_exclusion_main_report.pdf [accessed 3 Nov. 2017]Singleton, N., Maung, N.A., Cowie, A., Sparks, J., Bumpstead, R., Meltzer, H. (2002). ‘Mental health of carers’. Cited in Social Exclusion Unit. (2004). ‘Mental health and social exclusion’. [online] London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Available at: http://firststeptrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/mental_health_and_social_exclusion_main_report.pdf [accessed 3 Nov. 2017].Social Exclusion Unit (2004). ‘Mental health and social exclusion’. [online] London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, p. 18. Available at: http://firststeptrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/mental_health_and_social_exclusion_main_report.pdf [accessed 3 Nov. 2017].

• 30 to 50% of homeless people experience mental health problems, and 70% misuse drugs
• Mental and behavioural issues among homeless children and mothers are significantly higher than in the general population
• One in every four homeless people will die by suicide
• Homelessness is correlated with addiction, itself correlated with mental health issues

Like homelessness, incarceration is a significant contributor to mental health issues:Halliwell, E., Main, L., Richardson, C. (2007). ‘The fundamental facts’. [online] London: Mental Health Foundation, p. 30. Available at: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/fundamental_facts_2007.pdf [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].Paul Goggins, Minister for Prisons and Probation, speaking in a debate on prisons and mental health, Hansard, 17th March 2004. Cited in Prison Reform Trust. (2006). ‘Bromley briefings prison factfile’. [online] London: Prison Reform Trust, p. 27. Available at: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/uploads/documents/factfile1807lo.pdf [accessed 14 Aug. 2017].Paul Goggins, Minister for Prisons and Probation, speaking in a debate on prisons and mental health, Hansard, 17th March 2004. Cited in Prison Reform Trust. (2006). ‘Bromley briefings prison factfile’. [online] London: Prison Reform Trust, p. 27. Available at: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/uploads/documents/factfile1807lo.pdf [accessed 14 Aug. 2017].Fazel, S., Benning, R., Danesh, J. (2005). ‘Suicides in male prisoners in England and Wales, 1978–2003’. The Lancet, 366(9493), pp. 1301–1302. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214601 [accessed 14 Aug. 2017].Prison Reform Trust. (2004). ‘Prison reform trust factfile’. [online] London: Prison Reform Trust, p.10. Available at: http://www.cjp.org.uk/publications/archive/prison-reform-trust-factfile-10-12-2004/ [accessed 14 Aug. 2017].Lader, D., Singleton, N., Meltzer, H. (2000). ‘Psychiatric morbidity among young offenders in England and Wales’. [online] London: Office for National Statistics, p. 2. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745323 [accessed 14 Aug. 2017].

• Up to 90% of prisoners in the UK have a mental illness or substance abuse problem
• 72% of male and 70% of female prisoners have at least one mental health issue, and 20% of prisoners have four major issues
• Of prisoners aged between 16 and 20, 85% show signs of a personality disorder, and 10% of a psychotic illness
• 30% of prisoners have a history of self harm
• Women represent only 6% of the prison population, yet in 2003 they accounted for 46% of all reported self-harm incidents
• The suicide rate for men in prison is five times higher than for men in the community
• Boys aged 15 to 17 are 18 times more likely to commit suicide in prison than in the community

Worldwide, between 1/3rd and 1/2 of those affected by conflict, war, displacement, and natural disasters suffer from mental distress. The most common of these are:World Health Organisation. (2001). ‘Mental health: new understanding, new hope’. [online] Geneva: World Health Organisation, p. 43. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/ [accessed 9 Aug. 2017].

• Anxiety
• Depression
• PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder)
  

Living in difficult circumstances can be a huge source of long-term worry and stress, which is a well-known contributor to mental health issues.

In the US, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Brandeis University have shown that financial stress is correlated with higher cortisol levels, which are in turn correlated with depression, anxiety, and insomnia.Talbot, S. (2007). The Cortisol Connection. 2^nd ed. Alameda, CA: Hunter House, p. 13.

On the biochemical level, chronic stress can disrupt the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as regular gut function, which in turn affects our mental health.Mayer, E.A. (2000). ‘The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease’. Gut, 47, pp. 861–869.

Read more about how your mental health can be impacted by:

• Stress
• Hormone imbalances
• Neurotransmitter imbalances
• Gut issues

Difficult economic and environmental circumstances can mean that we have restricted access to activities, environments and resources that would usually help to reduce our stress levels, improve our mood and help ensure our physical and mental health. These can include:

• Less money and time to spend on positive habits
  • Buying and cooking nutritious food
  • Exercise and gym membership
• Limited access to nature or green spaces
• Reduced opportunity to learn about good mental health practices
• Less money and time for mental therapies, mind-body therapies, etc.
• In low-income areas, treatment and prevention for mental health issues are likely to be less accessible

Read more about how your mental health can be impacted by:

• Nutritional imbalances
• Lack of appropriate exercise
• Lack of nature and natural light

Difficult environmental conditions can lead to chronic exposure to high levels of toxins through pollution in the air, water, the home, etc… Combined with a more limited access to nature and green spaces, and in conjunction with chronic stress, this can cause a substantial toxic overload which can negatively impact mental health.

How toxicity can impact your mental health.

• The stress from difficult economic lifestyles can lead to negative lifestyle habits, such as drinking, smoking and substance abuse
• Long-term unemployment, poverty, poor housing and lack of education all correlate with higher rates of substance abuse
• Levels of substance abuse are significantly higher in the homeless population than the general population: about 38% of homeless people abuse alcohol, while 26% regularly use other drugs
  • Research suggests that this is a ‘vicious circle’: homelessness is both a contributing factor to addiction and a result of it Alcohol Rehab. ‘Homelessness and substance abuse’. [online] Available at: http://alcoholrehab.com/drug-addiction/homelessness-and-substance-abuse/ [accessed 3 Nov. 2017].

How addiction and addictive substances and behaviours can impact your mental health.

Within the home, difficult economic and environmental circumstances can lead to issues being passed down the generations, or the creation of an environment in which it becomes harder for children to protect their mental health. These circumstances can include:

• A poorer quality of education
• Tension, anxiety, conflict, anger, and/or violence in the home
• A lack of income or parental time available to meet children’s basic physical and emotional needs, which can lead to trauma, neglect and relationship difficulties